Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for the Managment of Post Surgical Dysphagia abstract: Dysphagia is not only a main symptom of the head and neck cancer but also the dangerous complication of the various surgical and other treatment modalities for the same. Though various studies have been done to diagnose this condition but very little is done towards the surgical management of this life threatening condition. through this article the new surgical technique of managing oroesophgeal dysphagia by hyoid suspension. Our technique zygomatico-hyoid suspension is simple and logically effective way of managing dysphagia secondary to the surgical resection of lesion in the patient with head and neck cancer. Though this technique is not tried in large number of patients hence the long term benefits and overall improvement in patients quality of life is yet to be ascertained but still it can be a new direction in the surgical mangament of dysphagia. Introduction Dysphagia is a term derived from the Greek words dys (difficulty) and phagein (to eat)1. It is a symptom that expresses a disorder in the transport of food and endogenous secretions (saliva) through the upper digestive tract. Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a more anatomically restricted term referred to alterations in the transfer of the bolus from the mouth to the esophagus (that means, in bolus propelling from the mouth to the pharynx, in the pharyngeal reconfiguration during the swallow, or in the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.2 OD is an inescapable concern in the management of patients with oral cancer. Being as a symptom at presentation, as an adverse effect during whatever the treatment, or as sequelae compromising the quality of life of the patients, swallowing disorders have to be adequately anticipated and dealt with. For an outcome to be considered functional, the patient has to be able to swallow in an effective and safe manner. Actually, preserving a functional deglutition is usually the most important goal of the different function-preserving surgical techniques in head and neck cancer surgery. Normal oropharyngeal swallowing: swallowing is mainly divided into three phases: 1) preparatory oral phase ,2) oral phase and the last 3) pharyngeal and oesophageal phase. mechanically ,several closely coordinated actions are involved:(1) elevation and retraction of the soft palate with closure of oropharynx,(2) UES opening, (3) laryngeal closure at the level of the laryngeal vestibule,(4) tongue loading (ramping), (5) tongue pulsion ,and (6) pharyngeal clearance. a fundamental aspect of deglutitive pharyngeal reconfiguration is in transforming the oropharynx from a respiratory to a swallowing pathway by opening the inlet to the esophagus and sealing the inlet to the larynx. Laryngeal vestibule closure and hence airway protection during swallowing is achieved by laryngeal elevation and anterior tilting of the arytenoid cartilages against the base of the epiglottis. UES opening results from anterior traction caused by contraction of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid musculature evident fluoroscopically by anterior hyoid movement. Pathophysiology of dysphagia: Can be divided into two categories: 1) directly due to the resection of the tissues involved in the swallowing i.e.tongue . 2) due to the damage caused by the radiation therapy by following ways: a: decreased pharyngeal peristalsis. b: decresed or defective posterior inversion of the base of the tongue towards the posterior pharyngeal wall. c: decreased elevation of hyoid bone and larynx and decreased inversion of epiglottis. The use of laryngeal suspension as a technique to improve function following surgcial resection of the anterior floor of the mouth was 1st decribed by edgerton and duncan and DesPrez and Kiehn.3,4 later Jabaley and Hoopes simplified the concept of laryngeal suspension after partial or complete resection of hyomandibular complex by means of a heavy chromic catgut suture between the thyroid cartilage and mandibular symphysis on the premise that the main vector of force required to support the larynx is anterior and superior in the midline.5 Goode R.L. also described the similar technique of laryngeal suspension after total laryngectomy by thyroid mandibular suspension and he found that swallowing function was improved significantly with his method of laryngeal suspension.6 Hillel A.D. and Goode R.L. gave lateral laryngeal suspension technique in which the throid cartlage was suspended to the condyle of resected mandible a modification of Goode R.L`s original technique, the advantage of this technique is it causes superior as well as lateral movement movement of larynx which widens the opening of opposite hypopharynx.7 al these techniques have proven that the hyoid suspension does improve swallowing function to some extent but all these techniques are hyomandibular suspension and our techniques is the only technique in which we have used zygomatic bone a support bone through which hyoid is suspended and in our view this technique provieds the most stable and most effective way of displacing hyoid anterio-superiorly resulting in the better swallowing control.in this article we describe our method of hyoid-zygomtic suspension. Material and methods: We perform zygomatico-hyoid suspension in all the patients undergoing total or partial glossectomy with or without mandible resection .the procedure was performed at the mahatma gandhi cnacer institute miraj . Notes on Hyoid-zygomatic Suspension Technique The hyoid suspension in which 24 gauge stainless steel wire was prestreched and using a awl 26cm in length a circumzygomatic to the hyoid bone suspension was carried out by the Key steps were the following. the procedure was performed under genearal anesthesia while doing primary resection of the tumor .patient was placd in anti-trendelenburg position with neck hyperextension. Incision was given in natural skin crease between the hyoid inferior body and the thyroid notch. Median strap muscle dissection between two imaginary parasagittal planes crossing the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone was carried out. Hyoid bone mobilizing test in anterosuperior direction carried out permanent hyoid fixation after having tested the correct position of the thyroid cartilage below the hyoid bone, following fixed steps which are as follows:The zygomatic arch is palpated and puncture wound is performed at the origin of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.Two pre-streched 24 gauge wires are passe d circumferentially around the hyoid bone in the region where the insertion of the fibrous loop for the intermediate diagastric tendon is present.Later awl is inserted from the arch puncture wound and passed anterior to the masseteric muscle and brought to the hyoid bone body region where the already wire loops are present.The wire is fed into the eye of the awl and later pulled out.This wire is removed from the awls eye and stablised.The awl now is reinserted superficial to the arch brought out from the previous anterior massetric site to the hyoid bone, the other end of wire is fed in the eye and the wire along with the awl is brought out.Traction is given bilaterally and the mobility of the hyoid along with its infrahyoid component is examined.Mandibular movements have to be checked before the wires are twisted and stabilised.Untoward traction is to be avoided in order to avoid hyoid bone fractures.Incision lines are closed in layers. Postoperative Followup Postoperatively all patients tolerated the procedure well, with no intra- or postoperative complications. patients .all patients were kept on nasogatric tube ( NGT ) feeding for minimum 3 weeks postoperative period after which the decision to remove the tube and oral feeding was taken on the basis of patient to patient ability to swallow . No special or additional post-operative care or assessment is required . Discussion The hyoid is a u-shaped bone located in the anterior neck midline, at the centre of three force vectors directed, respectively, towards the mandible, sternum, and mastoid process. It gives insertion to the middle constrictor muscles, which form the lateral wall of the hypopharynx. The suspension of this bone to the Zygomatic bone restores the inferior collapse of the reconstructed floor and lateral mandibular region and improve the tone of the middle constrictor muscles. this technique unlike all the previous technique doesnt take support of the mandible at all hence in cases where in mandible resection is performed along with the tongue or the larynx this technique is probably the only option available to the surgeon to suspend the hyoid bone. Without resuspension, it is speculated that resection of submental lateral mandibular region may lead to inferior and posterior displacement of the hyoid bone. A posterior displacementof the hyoid bone may be implicated in obstruction of the p haryngeal airway which in turn may lead to Dysphagia, or swallowing impairment . The postsurgical alteration in size and position of the hard and soft tissues surrounding the pharyngeal space is also responsible for the airway obstruction. CONCLUSION: Cicumzygomatic hyoid suspension technique is a innovative technique and it is the only technique of hyoid suspension in which instead of mandible the support is taken from zygomatic bone . as in this technique the vector is in same direction but its supporting bone absolutely nonmobile there by giving greater elevation and stable anterior displacement in comparison to the other tehcniques of hyoid suspension. we found that swallowing and infra hyoid functions improvedin our patient thereby QOL improved. This Hyoid suspension technique is effective when short-term results are considered. The necessity of a more valuable anatomic-based diagnostic approach is crucial to guide the patient selection. Long-term follow-ups and randomized prospective trials with case-control series are needed to increase the level of evidence of this surgery.

Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) Essay -- Essays Papers

Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) Summary The business environment in the 1990s is markedly different from that of the past when conventional cost accounting procedures were established. Activity-based costing (ABC), pioneered in the late 1980s, offered a new costing approach consistent with the changed environment. However, ABC did not diffuse rapidly into the business community. This article demonstrates why adopting ABC is important by documenting the potential of ABC in supporting contemporary managerial decision making. Introduction Everything happens faster in business today. Even new management tools (some say "fads") follow a meteoric path. For example, the ink on new articles describing activity-based costing (ABC) was hardly dry before consulting firms had integrated it into their slick brochures and presentations. All they needed was someone to use it. To illustrate, Romano identified only 110 installations by August 1990, nearly two years after the procedure was developed, with 77 percent of these in two major firms [13]. Perhaps this phase, in the process of introducing the new procedure, could be called "the period of wild over-promise." However, even by the mid-1990s, ABC has not spread widely throughout the industry and "even in large firms, widespread success of ABC is not obvious" [16]. According to Ness and Cucuzza, "thousands of companies have adopted or explored the feasibility of adopting ABC. However, (they) estimate that no more than ten percent of companies now use activity-based management in a significant number of their operations" [11]. A survey conducted by the Institute of Management Accountants' cost management group found that only 29 percent of companies used ABC instead of traditional systems, but this was an increase from 25 percent in the previous year [10]. Among reasons cited for low adoption were employee resistance and major organizational changes required with the use of ABC [11]. Some trace the source of slow adoption of ABC to technical as well as cultural issues [5]. Others feel that ABC would be more widespread in industry if it were marketed better by the cost accounting profession itself [1]. As the dust has settled, ABC has turned out to be less a revolutionary technique than a useful refinement to proven systems. The costs of products and services must be accurate, or management can be misled. Decisions... ...8. Lewis, R.J. "Activity-Based Costing for Marketing." Management Accounting, November 1991, pp. 33-38. 9. Lofgren, G.Q. "Quality System Registration: A Guide to Q90/ISO 9000 Series Registration." Quality Progress, May 1991, p. 37. 10. "More Companies Turn to ABC."Journal of Accountancy, July 1994, p. 14. 11. Ness, J.A. and T.G. Cucuzza. "Tapping the Full Potential of ABC." Harvard Business Review, July/August 1995, pp. 130-131. 12. Port, O. "Custom-Made, Direct from the Plant." Business Week, November 18, 1994, p. 158. 13. Romano, P.L. "Trends in Management Accounting." Management Accounting, August 1990, pp. 53-56. 14. Roth, A.V., C. Gaimon, and L. Krazewski. "Optimal Acquisition of FMS Technology Subject to Technological Process." Decision Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp. 308-334. 15. Schonberger, R.J. and E.M. Knod Jr. Operations Management: Continuous Improvement. Richard D. Irwin, 1994, p. 44. 16. Selto, F.H. and D.W. Jasinski. "ABC and High Technology: A Story with a Moral." Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 37-40. 17. Smith, R.B. "Competitiveness in the '90s." Management Accounting, September 1989, pp. 24-29.

A Post War Problem :: War Essays

A Post War Problem War, as we all know, is a devastating part of human existence. For as long as humans have gathered, there have been conflicts that arose between the different groups or gatherings. These assembled groups, in turn, would wage war against one another for a countless number of reasons. Differences in beliefs, land, money, and power are among the most common reasons warfare occurs. Nowadays, wars are still waged for the same reasons yet now entail a more catastrophic level of fighting with technology being what it is. The little knowledge I have about war is mainly from movies, like Full Metal Jacket and Saving Private Ryan to name a few, or from historical accounts. Therefore, to me war is the horrible slaughter of innocent individuals. In the Vietnam War, well the Vietnam conflict to be more accurate, young men were being sent overseas to fight. It was not under their personal desire to do go to war that these young men were involved in the fighting, but because the government had draf ted, or selected, them to do so. It was this fact that instilled fear in all young men, their family's and others. To know at any moment you will no longer have a free will to do as you desire and instead will be submersed into hysteria and death. My father spoke with me about his draft experience and said he choose to sign up rather than be drafted, because he knew draftees were almost always trained for infantry and therefore stood the greatest likelihood for being killed. Thus, my father became a cook and baker for the Army. The draft is the random selection of men eighteen to twenty-five to serve in the military during a time of conflict. The draftees are then on active duty for two years until they are released back into civilian life. The law in the United States (US) asserts that a draftee's job must be held for him until his return from active duty. With regard to Vietnam, the American public was unsure of what our government's objectives were, and therefore certain individuals became skeptical. Yet, the draft continued for it was necessary to feed the need for more soldiers. Sadly, many of these draftees did not have the opportunity to return home and retrieve their job that was held for them because they were not lucky enough to survive. A Post War Problem :: War Essays A Post War Problem War, as we all know, is a devastating part of human existence. For as long as humans have gathered, there have been conflicts that arose between the different groups or gatherings. These assembled groups, in turn, would wage war against one another for a countless number of reasons. Differences in beliefs, land, money, and power are among the most common reasons warfare occurs. Nowadays, wars are still waged for the same reasons yet now entail a more catastrophic level of fighting with technology being what it is. The little knowledge I have about war is mainly from movies, like Full Metal Jacket and Saving Private Ryan to name a few, or from historical accounts. Therefore, to me war is the horrible slaughter of innocent individuals. In the Vietnam War, well the Vietnam conflict to be more accurate, young men were being sent overseas to fight. It was not under their personal desire to do go to war that these young men were involved in the fighting, but because the government had draf ted, or selected, them to do so. It was this fact that instilled fear in all young men, their family's and others. To know at any moment you will no longer have a free will to do as you desire and instead will be submersed into hysteria and death. My father spoke with me about his draft experience and said he choose to sign up rather than be drafted, because he knew draftees were almost always trained for infantry and therefore stood the greatest likelihood for being killed. Thus, my father became a cook and baker for the Army. The draft is the random selection of men eighteen to twenty-five to serve in the military during a time of conflict. The draftees are then on active duty for two years until they are released back into civilian life. The law in the United States (US) asserts that a draftee's job must be held for him until his return from active duty. With regard to Vietnam, the American public was unsure of what our government's objectives were, and therefore certain individuals became skeptical. Yet, the draft continued for it was necessary to feed the need for more soldiers. Sadly, many of these draftees did not have the opportunity to return home and retrieve their job that was held for them because they were not lucky enough to survive.

The Climb (Miley Cyrus)

About two years ago I went on a camping trip to Colorado with youth for Christ. It’s an organization ran through my high school. We all met up at a church and got on a charter bus, that was the longest ride of my life. It was eight-teen hours. It would have been fifteen but our tire popped on the way there. We got it fixed, and kept on moving. The closer we got to the mountains weird things started to happen. Our soda cans and potato chip bags began to pop.We were so high up that the air pressure made everything explode. And the closer we got the better we could see the mountains, because from far away all the mountains looked like hills. But as we got closer you could start to see the snow at the top of them. Which was crazy to me because it was the middle of the summer, but it made me want to get there even faster. So we arrived and people from all over the United States came to camp, so there was a huge crowd of people we didn’t even know waiting to greet us.We all w alked around and got acquainted with almost everyone, then went back to our cabins to unpack and get settled in. After that we had our very first â€Å"lodge meeting†, it was held at this big hall name bear claw. We all sang songs about god and met the camp band named Attaboy. There freaking awesome! Days went by and we all got to know each other a little more. Not all of us got along but we would sure learn to. The night before at dinner they hinted that we would be doing something special, but no one could guess what.They just told us to make sure that we were in our cabins by ten o’clock and to make sure that we had gotten a lot of rest because we would need it. So the next day we woke up and everyone ate a huge breakfast. During breakfast they announced to us that we would be doing things different that day. We all needed to return to our cabins as soon as we finished eating and put on tennis shoes, sun block, to bring a lot of water. After we all did that we met a t the circle and they told us that we were climbing a mountain as a bonding experience.So they put us in groups of three with people in our cabins, but the task was for us to bond with someone that we didn’t know. We started our journey and coincidentally my group had gotten stuck behind a group of girls from Kalamazoo, Michigan. Now none of knew these girls, but I did know that one of them had given me a dirty look at lunch the day before so I wasn’t too thrilled about walking by them. We were all having a nice walk until about half way up the mountain it had gotten really steep.It was like trying to walk up a gravel wall. Everyone on my group successfully made it up, and two people form their group did but for some reason the girl who gave me a dirty look was having trouble. She just couldn’t get up there. Everyone in her group had walked up ahead so I was forced to help her. As I was standing there everything inside of me was telling me not to help her, but I had to think about what if that was me. So I couldn’t jus let her stay down there, so I helped her. We walked up the rest of the mountain together.We talked and I came to find out that she was a really nice person, and she explained to me that she wasn’t giving me a dirty look. She was actually staring at me because she thought that I was really pretty. We walked and talked and finally made it to the top of the mountain. We sat down and ate lunch together and became really close friends, we still keep in touch to this day. So I guess u could say I learned a lesson and experienced the best thing of my life, â€Å"The Climb†. Tiarra Archie Reading 104 August 26,2010

Prewriting for the Process Analysis Essay

Whoever said life was going to be easy, the sooner everyone learns that the better off they will be. Life in itself is very stressful, but when you throw in being a wife, mother, student and employee it’s almost too much to bear. In order to deal with everything I must do I have a calendar with everything on it and how much time needs to be spent. Now, where should I begin? I’m a wife and therefore I must make sure my husband has clean work clothes and food for work. We all know how men don’t like to do their own laundry or cook.At least my husband doesn’t like to. Don’t get me started on trying to keep my house clean with him and my animals, it’s like a tornado hits this place just about every other day. Dirty dishes, clothes, cat toys, food, cat litter anything you can just about think of. I also feed and clean up after the animals; I have five cats inside, two chameleons, and a cat outside. I must wake up every morning at 7 AM to feed them . I’m their mother now so they all depend on me. If all that is not enough I must also work for a living.I clean a local movie theater in my town. I’ll tell you right now, if everything I deal with at home isn’t stressful enough when I get to work and walk through those doors the stress slaps me in the face. I just don’t understand how people can be so nasty. The restrooms are another story, they are so gross. I have never realized how dirty and inconsiderate people really are and that makes my life stressful when I have to pick up after all them. With all that being said I how could I possibly find any time to do my school work but I always seem to do it.It’s very hard to do daily things then try and set down to do homework, especially the section I’m doing now with writing. I get so stressed out because I get very aggravated when I try and write because I’m not good at it. It seems to take me forever to get it done and that makes me just want to throw the pen and paper down and quit. But I seem to figure out a way to get it done and not go insane in the process. I’m not totally sure if there is a solid way to cope with stress but there are many ways to try and manage it.When life seems to get too stressful or even out of control I will go outside and walk around while taking in fresh air to try and clear my head. I have picked up a nasty little habit a long time ago, I know it’s not good and I need to quit but it’s hard and it seems to really help in stressful times and of course this is none other than smoking. I guess it’s really just a matter of what kind of stress and how bad it is. Sometimes I turn everything off and turn on the radio and just lie on the bed and listen to the music.Sometimes if it’s just bad enough I will end up crying and yes it sounds like a child but is seems to unleash the stress and wash it away as if its water in a bath tub when the plug gets taken out. Regardless of the situation I pull myself together before it gets out of hand. So many responsibilities every day is a bit tough, but there is always a way to do everything. The way I get everything done is just having a plan for each specific thing . Whoever said life was going to be easy, the sooner everyone learns that the better off they will be.First thing, I must take care of my family/home life. There are a lot of things that must be done when it comes to my home responsibilities. I must make sure my house is nice and clean, we all know it’s not very pleasant living in a dirty home. With that I have to wash dishes, clean the bathrooms and put things away. Make sure everything is put up in the right places, make all beds up and vacuum all floors then sweep and mop. I got to gather all dirty clothes and get them done then there is the outside to deal with.I always make sure the outside of my house is nice and neat, I don’t like to have my house looking like a bunch of wild animals live here. I keep my yard mowed; everything put up and kept in order. We burn wood so I make sure there is wood cut and split and stacked up out at the tree and I make sure to wood stack is neat and stacked well and covered up away from the weather. Next I must tend to my children that are the kind of non-human kind. That’s a whole task in itself; I believe that it’s probably harder than dealing with human children. They make things very stressful; they meow over and over like it’s going out of style.I got to feed them and when that time comes you better make sure you watch out cause they all come running through the house all at once because they know what time it is and if you’re in their path they will knock you over like a pack of hungry wolves. I got to make sure their bathroom is clean and make sure the cats outside are feed and taken care of to. Then I have to turn my attention to my chameleons, I have to make sure they have water because they don’t drink water out of a dish so I have to do it out of a spray bottle or they will die.I have to make sure they got bugs in their cages so they can eat. I have a lot of things to do on a daily basis, it get tough and very stressful so I have to make sure I plan everything down to the last thing because I would never have the time to do everything. I have a small window of time after I take care of my animals to do some school work so I try and buckle down and do as much as possible. Sometimes the lessons are hard but I got to try and clear all the stuff out of my head from everything else I have had to do and just try my best.When work time comes around I get ready and head out the door. I have to clean the movie theater. There are seven theaters, two bathrooms, two hallways and one lobby; the place is pretty big and I do all this by myself. When all this is done I go back home and weather I’m tired or not I sit down and do more school work. When times are stressful I stop and pull myself together and calm down. When we get stressed out and just want to quit just to let the stress away, but weather you know it or not calming yourself down and working through it to get everything done is very much worth it.

Modern History – Nazism as Totalitarian

Germany was a totalitarian state, however, only to an extent due to differing perspectives Nazi Germany did not fit the universal criteria of what constitutes totalitarianism. It is unarguably necessary that Germany was ran by a single party, had absolute control over mass communication & media, had a systematic terror & police control as well as total control over the army. However, many have argued that Nazi Germany was not totalitarian as it did not have total control over the economy and Hitler’s role in regime of the Nazism played a significant role in whether or not Germany was totalitarian. Views of Hitler’s role in the Nazi state concerning whether or not Germany was totalitarian changed over time, from when Hitler was the absolute centre and in complete control of Nazism to the view of ‘Working towards the Fuhrer’. Germany was a totalitarian state to an extent. Joseph Goebbel was the Minister for Enlightenment and Propaganda, who strictly repressed all public communications such as censoring all aspects of newspapers, heavy censorship of films, events that were organised to place Nazis’ message in a positive light as well as the effectively using the radio. Radios were cheap and when manufactured, they were preset to Nazi stations only. Through this aspect, civilians were constantly exposed and brainwashed to believe the righteousness of the principles of Nazism such as broadcasting Hitler’s speeches in full and placing glorifying Nazis. Newspaper editors were told daily of what stories were to be published, opinions to be expressed and even graphics. The ‘Fuhrer Myth’ played a significant role in Nazi propaganda: it portrayed Hitler to be a man who was born to lead Germany, ordinary yet extraordinary. Hitler had ended the Depression; he was anti-Marxist, thus he would save Germany from Communism; and he was willing to take action to save Germany from hated aspects such the Treaty of Versailles. The image portrayed was propaganda and was more or less a lie, thus proving that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state. Hitler had learnt a lesson in 1923, to gain power and popularity he must gain it through the legal processes. After the series of events that lead to Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor, he legally pushed out any parties that had any possible means of opposition out of the framework of Nazi Germany, therefore leaving no room for individuality. The sworn personal allegiance of the army to Hitler is also another factor that confirms that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state. It is evident to understand that there are concepts in which Nazi Germany is not considered to be a totalitarian state. There are different viewpoints of Germany that determines whether or not Germany was a totalitarian state during the Nazi regime. One viewpoint is that Hitler was the absolute centre and in complete control of Nazism. This idea established that all aspects during his rule went with the direct consent from Hitler himself, no policies were made without the reference of his ideology and all successes & problems could be Hitler’s responsibility. This aspect showed historians that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state: Hitler had detailed understanding of specific situations, the public’s grievances, Europe’s fear of communism, gaining power through legal proceedings and the importance of the link between terror and propaganda in which he used to his advantage to seize control over the entire country. This perspective is contrasted with the modern viewpoint of ‘Working towards the Fuhrer’. Hitler was not interested in the day to day running of things, his attention was mainly concentrated on his ‘will’ and his plan for Germany which was a basis that took Germany forward. Often, Hitler would not make decisions hence leaving situations pending. Due to this issue, policy makers had to create or amend programs and policies that followed the in line of Hitler’s way of thinking. This concept explained the reasons why the regime become more radical as time wore on. Hitler’s beliefs such as ridding the Jews, destroying the Bolsheviks, creating the Aryan race lead to such events such as the Night of the Broken Glass and killings of those who did not fit the criteria of the Aryan description. The idea that Hitler was seen to above the day to day running of things, played a part in demonstrating the ‘Fuhrer Myth’ proved that he was beyond reproach thus, his followers must followed his line of thinking. This viewpoint shows that despite having complete control over media and communication, Germany was a totalitarian state, only to an extent. Another aspect that constitutes a totalitarian state is that it must have an official ideology. Nazi Germany, despite every civilian owning ‘Mein Kampf’, did not have an official ideology like the Soviet Union, which in theory, wanted a classless society. Nazism was a cluster of disassociated ideas that were tied together by Hitler whereas the Soviet Union had Marxism and Communism. As a result of this failure to fill the point of having an official ideology, it shows that Germany was not a totalitarian state. Significant aspects of Nazi Germany proves that it was a totalitarian state, such as its complete control over media and communication, Germany’s evident systematic terror and control as well as power over the army. However, due to differing perspectives, it is clear that Germany was a totalitarian state, only to an extent as it did not have an official ideology, and total control over the economy

Social Contract Theory by John Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social Contract Theory by John Locke - Essay Example Consequently, there is an automatic bound between different individuals, who are bound by the social contract principles. In accordance with the principles of the social contract, there are basic duties, which have their roots in the very nature of human beings. The social contract theory is one of the greatest contributions made by John Locke (1690-1986). The American government has taken much from this philosopher’s ideas. The effective power of the governmental authorities contributes much to the development of the society: â€Å"So while Locke might admit some governments come about by force or violence, he would be destroying the most central and vital distinction, between legitimate and illegitimate civil government† (Frodeman & Mitcham, 2000). John Locke claims that people are closely related to the criminal justice system because they have their right to represent themselves in the courts. It is relevant to the modern society when citizens violate the laws they are brought to justice by courts. The main principles of the modern criminal justice system are taken from Locke’s principles of social contract theory. From Locke’s perspective, the rights of citizens can be outlined in the following phrase: â€Å"We give up our right to ourselves exact retribution for crimes in return for impartial justice backed by overwhelming force. We retain the right to life and liberty and gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property† (cited by Grant, 2000). In such a way, John Locke has concluded that it is natural for people to gain the right to protect their property in return they sacrifice their liberty and the right to just. Nevertheless, John Locke underlines that men have their rights by their nature. Therefore, humane principles of the Bill of Rights and the roots of the American Revolution can be found in the ideas of Locke.